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Photography by indigenous peoples of the Americas is an art form that began in the late 19th century and has expanded in the 21st century, including digital photography, underwater photography, and a wide range of alternative processes. Indigenous peoples of the Americas have used photography as a means of expressing their lives and communities from their own perspectives. Native photography stands in contrast to the ubiquitous photography of indigenous peoples by non-natives, which has often been criticized as being staged, exoticized, and romanticized. ==1880s–1940s== Indigenous peoples of the Americas embraced photography in the 19th century. Some even owned and operated their own photography studios, such as Benjamin Haldane (1874–1941), Tsimshian of Metlakatla Village on Annette Island, Alaska,〔(Artwork in ''Our People, Our Land, Our Images.'' ) ''The Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture.'' Retrieved 1 Feb 2012.〕 Jennie Ross Cobb (1881–1959), Cherokee Nation of Park Hill, Oklahoma, and Richard Throssel (1882–1933), Cree of Montana. Their early photographs stand in stark contrast to the romanticized images of Edward Curtis and other non-native contemporaries. Recent scholarship by Mique’l Askren (Tsimshian-Tlingit) on the photographs of Benjamin A. Haldane has analyzed the functions that Haldane's photographs served for his community: as markers of success by having European-American-style formal portraits taken, and as markers of the continuity of potlaching and traditional ceremonials by having photographs taken in ceremonial regalia. This second category is particularly significant because the use of the ceremonial regalia was against the law in Canada between 1885-1951.〔(Mique'l Askren, Bringing our History into Focus: Re-Developing the Work of B.A. Haldane, 19th Century Tsimshian Photographer, ''Blackflash: Seeing Red'', Volume 24, No. 3, 2007, pp. 41-47 )〕 Native American boarding schools were important centers for photography at the turn of the century. John Leslie (Puyallup) learned photography at Carlisle Indian School. In 1895, Leslie published a book of his photography and exhibited his photographs at the Atlanta International Exposition〔Turner, Laura. ("John Nicholas Choate and the Production of Photography at the Carlisle Indian School." ) ''Visualizing a Mission: Artifacts and Imagery of the Carlisle Indian School, 1879-1918.'' Retrieved 1 Feb 2012.〕〔Tsinhnahjinnie and Passalacqua xi〕 By 1906 Carlisle Indian School built a state-of-the-art photography studio and taught photography classes to its Native students.〔 Martín Chambi (1891–1973), a Quechua photographer from Peru, was one of the pioneering indigenous photographers of South America. Peter Pitseolak (1902–1973), Inuit from Cape Dorset, Nunavut, documented Inuit life in the mid-20th century while dealing with challenges presented by the harsh climate and extreme light conditions of the Canadian Arctic. He developed his film himself in his igloo, and some of his photos were shot by oil lamps. Parker McKenzie (1897–1999) and his wife Nettie Odlety McKenzie (1896–1978) purchased cameras and took photographs while they attended Phoenix Indian School in 1916. Horace Poolaw (1906–1984), Kiowa, shot over 2,000 images of his neighbors and relatives in Western Oklahoma from the 1920s onward. Jean Fredericks (b. 1906), Hopi, had to carefully negotiate cultural views towards photography and made a point of not offering his portraits of Hopi people for sale to the public.〔Masayesva and Younger 42〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Photography by indigenous peoples of the Americas」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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